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R Data Import/Export
Next: Acknowledgements roger pierce binary options Contents ][ Index ]. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and roger pierce binary options modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed roger pierce binary options the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the R Core Team. Next: IntroductionPrevious: TopUp: Top [ Contents ][ Index ].
The relational databases part of this manual is based in part on an earlier manual by Douglas Bates and Saikat DebRoy.
The principal author of this manual was Brian Ripley. Many volunteers have contributed to the packages used here. The principal authors of the packages mentioned are. Next: Spreadsheet-like dataPrevious: AcknowledgementsUp: Top [ Contents ][ Index ]. Reading data into a statistical system for analysis and exporting the results to some other system for report writing can be frustrating tasks that can take far more time than the statistical analysis itself, even though roger pierce binary options readers will find the latter far more appealing.
This manual describes the import and export facilities available either in R itself or via packages which are available from CRAN or elsewhere. Unless otherwise stated, everything described in this manual is at least in principle available on all platforms running R. In general, statistical systems like R are not particularly well suited to manipulations of large-scale data. Some other systems are better than R at this, and part of the thrust of this manual is to suggest that rather than duplicating functionality in R we can make another system do the work!
Database manipulation systems are often very suitable for manipulating and extracting data: several packages to interact with DBMSs are discussed here. There are packages to allow functionality developed in languages such as Javaperl and python to be directly integrated with R code, making the use of facilities in these languages even more appropriate.
See the rJava package from CRAN. It is also worth remembering that R like S comes from the Unix tradition of small re-usable tools, and it can be rewarding to use tools such as awk and perl to manipulate data before roger pierce binary options or after export. The traditional Unix tools are now much more widely available, including for Windows. This manual was first written inand the number of scope of R packages has increased a roger pierce binary options since. For specialist data formats it is worth searching to see if a suitable package already exists, roger pierce binary options.
Next: Export to text filesPrevious: IntroductionRoger pierce binary options Introduction [ Contents ][ Index ]. The easiest form of data to import into R is a simple text file, and this will often be acceptable for problems of small or medium scale. The primary function to import from a text file is scanroger pierce binary options, and this underlies most of the more convenient functions discussed in Spreadsheet-like data.
Often the simplest thing to do is to use the originating application to export the data as a text file and statistical consultants will have copies of the most common applications on their computers for that purpose. However, this is not always possible, and Importing from other statistical systems discusses what facilities are available to access such files directly from R.
For Excel spreadsheets, the available methods are summarized in Reading Excel spreadsheets. In a few cases, data have been stored in a binary form for compactness and speed of access. One application of this that we have seen several times is imaging data, which is normally stored as a stream of bytes as represented in memory, possibly preceded by a header.
Such data formats are discussed in Binary files and Binary connections. For much larger databases it is common to handle the data using a database management system DBMS. There is once again the option of using the DBMS to extract a plain file, but for many such DBMSs the extraction operation can be done directly from an R package: See Relational databases. Importing data via network connections is discussed in Network interfaces.
Previous: ImportsUp: Imports [ Contents ][ Index ]. Unless the file to be imported from is entirely in ASCIIit is usually necessary to know how it was encoded. For text files, a good way to find out something about its structure is the file command-line tool for Windows, roger pierce binary options, included in Rtools.
This reports something like. Modern Unix-alike systems, including macOS, are roger pierce binary options to produce UTF-8 files. Roger pierce binary options is not possible to automatically detect with certainty which 8-bit encoding although guesses may be possible and file may guess as it did in the example aboveso you may simply have to ask the originator for some clues e. The file utility will not even recognize UCS-2 files without a BOM, but many other utilities will refuse to read files with a BOM and the IANA standards for UTFLE and UTFBE prohibit it.
We have too often been reduced to looking at the file with the command-line utility od or a hex editor to work out its encoding. Next: XMLPrevious: ImportsUp: Introduction [ Contents ][ Index ]. Exporting results from R is usually a less contentious task, but there are still a number of pitfalls.
There will be a target application in mind, and often a text file will be the most convenient interchange vehicle. If a binary file is required, see Binary files. Function cat underlies the functions for exporting data.
It takes a file argument, and the append argument allows a text file to be written via successive calls to cat. Better, especially if this is to be done many times, is to open a file connection for writing or appending, and cat to that connection, roger pierce binary options, then close it, roger pierce binary options.
The most common task is to write a matrix or data frame to file as a rectangular grid of numbers, possibly with row and column labels. This can be done by the functions write. table and write. Function write just writes out a matrix or vector in a specified number of columns and transposes a matrix. Function write. table is more convenient, and writes out a data frame or an object that can be coerced to a data frame with row and column labels. There are a number of issues that need to be considered in writing out a data frame to a text file.
For more control, use format on a data frame, possibly column-by-column. Some other systems require a possibly empty entry for the row names, which is what write. table will provide if argument col. Excel is one such system. A common field separator to use in the file is a comma, as that is unlikely to appear in any of the fields in English-speaking countries. Such files are known as CSV comma separated values files, and wrapper function write, roger pierce binary options.
csv provides appropriate defaults. In some locales the comma is used as the decimal point set this in write. csv2 for appropriate defaults. By default missing values are output as NAbut this may be changed by argument na. Note that NaN s are treated as NA by write. tablebut not by cat nor write. By default strings are quoted including the row and column names.
Text files do not contain metadata on their encodings, so for non- ASCII data the file needs to be targetted to the application intended to read it, roger pierce binary options. All of these functions can write to a connection which allows an encoding to be specified for the file, and write.
table has a fileEncoding argument to make this easier. The hard part is to know what file encoding to use, roger pierce binary options. Using UTF-8 is a good way to make portable files that will not easily be confused with any other encoding, but even macOS applications where UTF-8 is the system encoding may not recognize them, and Windows applications are most unlikely to. csv files in "macroman" encoding the encoding used in much earlier versions of Mac OS.
matrix in package MASS provides a specialized interface for writing matrices, with the option of writing them in blocks and thereby reducing memory usage. It is possible to use sink to divert the standard R output to a file, and thereby capture the output of possibly implicit print statements.
This is not usually the most efficient route, roger pierce binary options, and the options width setting may need to be increased. foreign in package foreign uses write, roger pierce binary options. table to produce a text file and also writes a code file that will roger pierce binary options this text file into another statistical package. There is currently support for export to SASSPSS and Stata. Previous: Export to text filesUp: Introduction [ Contents ][ Index ].
When reading data from text files, it is the responsibility of the user to know and to specify the conventions used to create that file, e. the comment character, roger pierce binary options, whether a header line is present, the value separator, the representation for missing values and so on described in Export to text files.
A markup language which can be used to describe not only content but also the structure of the content can make a file self-describing, so that one need not provide these details to the software reading the data. The eXtensible Markup Language — more commonly known simply as XML — can be used to provide such structure, not only for standard datasets but also more complex data structures.
XML is becoming extremely popular and is emerging as a standard for general data markup and exchange. It is being used by different communities to describe geographical data such as maps, graphical displays, mathematics and so on.
The XML package provides general facilities for reading and writing XML documents within R, roger pierce binary options.
Package StatDataML on CRAN is one example building on XML. Another interface to the libxml2 C library is provided by package xml2. yaml is another system for structuring text data, with emphasis on human-readability: it is supported by package yaml, roger pierce binary options. Next: Importing from other statistical systemsPrevious: IntroductionUp: Top [ Contents ][ Index ]. In Export to text files we saw a number of variations on the format of a spreadsheet-like text file, in which the data are presented in a rectangular grid, possibly with row and column labels.
In this section we consider importing such files into R. Next: Roger pierce binary options filesPrevious: Spreadsheet-like dataUp: Spreadsheet-like data [ Contents ][ Index ]. The function read. table is the most convenient way to read in a rectangular grid of data. Because of the many possibilities, there are several other functions that call read.
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/05/02 · In , we saw the enshrinement of techno-feudalism – one of the overarching themes of my latest book, Raging Twenties. In lightning speed, the techno-feudalism virus is metastasizing into an even more lethal, wilderness of mirrors variant, where cancel culture is enforced by Big Tech all across the spectrum, science is routinely debased as fake news in social media, and the average citizen Disclosure is a American erotic thriller film directed by Barry Levinson, starring Michael Douglas and Demi blogger.com is based on Michael Crichton's novel of the same name. The cast also includes Donald Sutherland, Caroline Goodall and Dennis blogger.com film is a combination thriller and slight mystery in an office setting within the computer industry in the mids Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for
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